The Application Layer gives applications access to the services of the other layers and defines the protocols that applications use to send and receive information. This layer is the first step in getting information onto the network. There are numerous Application Layer protocols and new ones come […]
The OSI model is the most regularly used network model for the construction and development of networks. Data encapsulation/packetization is defined as the process of passing information through the layers of the OSI model. Packet creation begins with the application layer (layer 7) and ends at the […]
TCP/IP is a protocol stack used for data transmission from source to the destination in the physical layer of all physical connections, like LAN cards and cables. Data is sent in the form of bits. TCP works with IP to enable applications to communicate like a physical circuit. […]
Securing The Universe 
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