Digital certificates are a lot like identification cards, as they are electronic credentials that are used to prove the identity of users, devices, or organizations. Issued by Certification Authorities (CA), digital certificates bind an owner’s public key with his or her private key. These certificates contain […]
The OSI (Open Systems Interconnection) model is a helpful tool to help frame discussions and troubleshooting of a wide range of technologies and protocols. It provides the basis for understanding Ethernet, the many ways a computer can communicate, understanding the differences between hubs, switches, and routers, […]
File Transfer Protocol (FTP) is used to transfer files from a computer/client/server on a network and access online archives. Its architecture is built on a client-server model and uses TCP to guarantee delivery of files. By authenticating themselves with clear-text sign-in protocols (username/passwords), users can enjoy the […]
Securing The Universe 
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